Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Top 10 Natural Disasters of the Year Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Top 10 Natural Disasters of the Year - Essay Example 10 cataclysmic events that have made individuals destitute, kids vagrant and has ended the lives of millions in the year 2013 are: Chad, Drought (June2012-February 2013) Mindanao floods, Philippines (January)â â Yunnan seismic tremor, China (March)â Guangdong Storm, China (March) Sichuan Earthquake of China (April) Argentina, Buenos Aires floods (April) Namibia, Drought (May) Hubei Flood, Guan gong, China (May) Patuakhali violent wind, Bangladesh (May)â Sichuan Flood, Gansu, China (June) (Aspi, 2013) Chad, Drought (June2012-February 2013) In 2012 Chad encountered the most noticeably terrible dry season in its history. From 2010 around five locales of the nation have been influenced by dry spell. During this time the creation of oat diminished to 50 percent of the country’s creation in 2010’s. To compound the circumstance the neighboring nations cut the gracefully of food and the salary on which the residents of this district depend on. Just about 18 million resid ent across Africa confronted hunger because of this progression. It was the helpless administration of the concerning specialists and the low quality framework that expanded the troubles of the individuals influenced from dry season. Mindanao floods, Philippines (January) It was because of the substantial downpour and flood that around 100,000 individuals got uprooted in Manila, Philippines. As indicated by the report introduced by National Reduction and Management Council around 23,886 families and 100,994 individuals escape from their homes because of awful climate conditions. Around 5,912 families and 26,828 individuals were living in 46 clearing places across Philippines though 19,974 families and 74,166 individuals were remaining with their companions or family members. Properties worth 71 million were harm as the aftereffect of this flood. Help worth 3.27 million was given to the inhabitants influenced by flood. Yunnan seismic tremor, China (March) The zone of South Western Ch ina that executed many occupants, annihilating the places of several individuals likewise constrained individuals to move to a more secure spot. This seismic tremor influenced a wide territory including Yunnan. The greatness of this tremor as recorded by the China Earthquake Administration was 5.9 while the extent revealed by U.S. geographical study was 5.9. The China Earthquake Information Administration while refering to the common issue division of Yunnan said that 5 individuals passed on as the consequence of this seismic tremor and around 17 were harmed in the urban communities of Deqen and Shangri-La. The state of six harmed individuals is as yet genuine. This world shake wrecked 600 private units and around 55,000 of these units were harmed. The flood caused around 9,000 private units to migrate. Guangdong Storm, China (March) Typhoon Usagi showed up in the region of Guangdong in the south of China, bringing along twists at 165 km for each hour joined by huge tempest and subs tantial downpour and flooding a wide territory. In any event 25 of the inhabitants passed on the principal day in the city of Shanweim present in the area of Guangdong. The tempest pulverized 7000 homes and around 80,000 individuals were emptied from the private units present in area Fujian. The tempest additionally caused transport arrange disturbance in the southern zone China. This Typhoon before hitting Guangdong has been the reason for various fatalities in Taiwan and Philippines also. Sichuan Earthquake of China (April) The seismic tremor with an extent of 7.0 hit the Lushan Country territory

Saturday, August 22, 2020

What´s Rituximab Therapy? Essay -- Alternate Treatment, Biology, Antib

A moderately more up to date biologic, rituximab gives an elective procedure to treating the introducing persistent. A hereditarily designed illusory enemy of CD20 monoclonal immune response, rituximab applies it remedial activity by specifically focusing on CD-20 positive B-cells1212, 18. As CD-20 is communicated only on pre-B and adult B lymphocytes; undifferentiated cells and plasma cells are not embroiled in rituximab treatment. The over articulation of B-cells communicating the CD-20 surface antigen in the synovium of RA-influenced joints has been well established18. The potential instruments by which these B-cells add to the immunopathogenesis of RA are as per the following: they can go about as antigen introducing cells, discharge star incendiary cytokines (counting tumor putrefaction factor-alpha), and produce rheumatoid factor (RF) and other auto-antibodies while additionally initiating T cells12. Henceforth, the rituximab intervened exhaustion of B-cells is thought to keep these potential components from happening consequently controlling the movement of the disease18. Rituximab treatment comprises of two 1000mg mixtures, given fourteen days separated at interims of no under about fourteen days. The anticipated expense of a solitary course of rituximab treatment is around  £349211 and if clinically effective would offer the patient a progressively advantageous dosing plan contrasted with Anti-TNF treatment. The yearly expense does anyway rely upon how frequently the patient is required to experience a course of rituximab therapy11. A RCT planned for researching diverse rituximab dosing regimens in methotrexate safe patients alluded to as the DANCER preliminary, gives huge proof passing on the potential advantage of rituximab therapy19. As a feature of the preliminary, patients got rituximab 500MG, rituximab 1000mg or placeb... ...50 (7): 754- - 766. 27. Kaneko A. Tocilizumab in rheumatoid joint pain: adequacy, security and its place in therapy.Therapeutic propels in incessant malady. 2013; 4 (1): 15- - 21. 28. An M, Zou Z, Shen H, Zhang J, Cao Y, Jiang Y. The expansion of tocilizumab to DMARD treatment for rheumatoid joint inflammation: a meta-examination of randomized controlled preliminaries. European diary of clinical pharmacology. 2010; 66 (1): 49- - 59. 29. Schmitt C, Kuhn B, Zhang X, Kivitz A, Grange S. Illness - sedate - medicate connection including tocilizumab and simvastatin in patients with rheumatoid joint inflammation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2011; 89 (5): 735- - 740. 30. Ding T, Ledingham J, Luqmani R, Westlake S, Hyrich K, Lunt M, Kiely P, Bukhari M, Abernethy R, Bosworth An, Others. BSR and BHPR rheumatoid joint inflammation rules on security of hostile to TNF therapies.Rheumatology. 2010; 49 (11): 2217- - 2219.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Akira Kurosawas The Seven Samurai and John Sturges The Magnificent Se

Presentation Each year, an incredible number of new workers show up into the nation from everywhere throughout the world. A portion of these settlers enter the nation legitimately while the others attempt to get in wrongfully. Then again, there are the individuals who endeavor to move into the nation illicitly through different mischievous methods. At the outskirts, they are caught and persuasively made to come back to their nation. In spite of the difficulties that the administration faces with respect to the settler issue, there are situations when specialists are committed to acknowledge immigrants.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rising number of foreigners every year has become a genuine discussion issue. A few gatherings bolster arrangements that secure the privileges of foreigners while others are firmly contradicted to the laws that support outsider pa ssageway into the nation. As indicated by Sir Michael Dummet, the state has a few obligations towards outsiders. In any case, the state needs to perceive that its essential job is the government assistance of its own residents just as security of the other people who are out of luck. Consequently the idea that a state’s sole duty is just to guarantee and care about its citizens’ prosperity is defective and confused. Dummet bolsters his notion. He asserts all the residents have an individual a specific good commitment to their nation also. The entire populace is spoken to by their state on the planet. Subsequently, it follows that some nation is likewise ethically obliged to think about the government assistance of different states and that of others (Huemer, 2010). This paper will investigate the commitments that the country has towards the acknowledgment of foreigners. Moreover, the paper will talk about what an ethically advocated migration arrangement incorporates. The paper will maintain the situation to help for the privilege of migration. Proclamation of politicians’ position The resistance coordinated towards migrants and their privileges comes from the feeling of narrow-mindedness among the residents and government officials of the host nation. Both the voters and the legislators the same advance the possibility that a country is just answerable for its residents with no respect for settlers rolling in from outside nations. Subsequently, the legislators will ordinarily put together their contentions with respect to their opinion of serving the interests of their nation best. For example, British lawmakers associated with the European Union considerations consistently ground their choices to help or veto movements on whether it is in light of a legitimate concern for Britain or not. This is in opposition to the desire that they ought to consider the interests of the European Union to settle on their choice whether to help the moveme nt or impugn it. Lawmakers take this situation as to one significant explanation, which is remote residents are of almost no incentive to their political desire. Since the outside residents hold no democratic force in the nation they move into, the government officials esteem them immaterial for their crusades (Dummett, 2001).Advertising Looking for article on established law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique of politicians’ position and my position The idea of ‘sovereignty’ advances this situation. This idea bolsters national freedom and non-obstruction by other remote countries, particularly on issues of how it manages its residents. Furthermore, another contention sent contrary to settler rights and approaches is that every nation has an individual option to control the exercises on its outskirts. Subsequently, the administration can bar or concede outsiders who wish to go through the countryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s fringes. In any case, the individuals who bolster free migration, assume that nations ought not force any limitations on movement. A correlation is drawn between free migration and the free market idea. This recommendation was unequivocally bolstered by Milton Fried Mans just as Ernest Bevin, who imagined the absolute cancelation of international IDs. They contended that free migration ought to have been permitted to guarantee that essential human right which is the appropriate for opportunity †especially opportunity of development would be appreciated by all people. Along these lines, in the soul of advancing human rights, no nation would reserve the privilege to deny any individual section into a nation of his/her decision. Pope John XXIII additionally bolstered free migration arrangements that prohibited no person from going into any nation. As indicated by Pope John XXIII, all people are individuals from a general family and a more noteworthy world society. This pr esence, as per the Pope, is inalienable and can't be reduced by any nation. Furthermore, Pope John XXIII supported the way that settlers had the right to have their privileges perceived and regarded. They ought to appreciate monetary rights and individual rights to guarantee that they can easily adjust to another general public. Besides, it permits them to acquire a methods for self food. There are a few reasons concerning why the approvals and limitations are forced on workers. Be that as it may, these don't do the trick as a reason in denying those individuals their right. In any case, some accept that limiting the quantity of outsiders going into the nation would ensure the national legacy and culture. Moreover, it is guaranteed that tolerant outsiders will build the monetary hardships he state faces as this would force oblige on the rare assets of the nation. It is, thusly, contended that these limitations are in light of a legitimate concern for the country’s local resid ents (Dummett, 2001). From my point of view, the privileges of outsiders ought to be maintained and ensured. There are a few reasons with respect to why migration limitation is definitely not a great alternative. In the first place, confining workers from entering a nation is an immediate infringement of their natural rights. The most widely recognized purpose behind founding these guidelines is to secure and guarantee the security of the local citizens.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In many cases, psychological warfare has been refered to as the principle security worry that requires settler guideline. Be that as it may, fear based oppressor exercises are executed even by the residents of the nation. Moreover, not all moves are happy to enter the nation to submit a fear monger act. In this way, this can't be utilized as a reason for such confinements. The other exp lanation that has been generally refered to is the impact of movement on business. Most local residents feel that the higher the quantity of migrants in a nation the higher the opposition on the current occupations. This at last prompts an abatement in the personal satisfaction of the local residents. Since the migrants are ordinarily urgent for securing positions they will in general acknowledge low pay rates. Representatives incline toward such specialists as the business would bring about less operational expenses. Anyway this comes to the detriment of the local residents losing their positions. Be that as it may, this isn't a worthy explanation since it is the obligation of the administration to control and express the base compensation inside its domain. Moreover, the employments are intended to be obtained dependent on merit and the individual’s capability. An ethically adequate movement arrangement is the one that meets both the interests of the residents of the nation and those of the foreigners. Such a strategy is hard to be created and executed as there are different difficulties. The circumstance with respect to the issue might be contrasted with a constrained limit raft (Hardin 2001) since a nation can't take in all the outsiders. References Dummett, M. A. E. (2001). On Immigration and Refugees. New York: Routledge. Hardin, G. (2001). Living on a Lifeboat. The Social Contract. 36-47. Recovered from http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles_pdf/living_on_a_lifeboat.pdf Huemer M (2010). Is there a Right to Immigrate? Social Theory and Practice. 36(3), 429-461. DOI: 10.5840/soctheorpract201036323.Advertising Searching for exposition on sacred law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This paper on Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy was composed and put together by client Kingston I. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Thursday, June 4, 2020

The Truth of Society - Free Essay Example

It is to be told that society is changing through time. Heres the thing. Is it changing for the best or for the worst? Many people have mentioned that the world is advancing and speeding up the process of tasks which is making life easier. On the other hand, others have mentioned that society is going through its worst moments in time. It keeps getting worse. The author of Fahrenheit 451 wrote this science fiction book to explain how their society is controlled and its changes arent beneficial to the people. Science fiction demonstrates what authors or writers assume the future will hold for the people. Ray Bradbury, in Fahrenheit 451 is notifying the reader that society is affected through technology, lack of communication, and the loss of valuable life. Technology has been advancing fast and still is up to this very day. It has made life much easier and everyone loves it. Even though technology is benefical towards the people, it comes with its downside and consequences. Society uses technology 24/7. our population is increasing every day and all these billion consumers demand either a mobile phone or a computer in their homes or office (Ramey, 2012). There isnt a single moment in life today where technology isnt being used. People of all ages need technology, including babies too. A mother now has to keep a device with them in case the babies start to cry. They have the device set up and it quiets them down. Adults use technology for everything. From learning how to cook to selling drugs and illegal items. Technology is a person that keeps society distracted from the real world. Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows the reader how technology distracts a main character in the book, Mildred, from realizing what the government is doing to the society that shes living in. As the books gets deeper into details, Mildred is always focused on her family. It is based on a show that she watches on her TV wall. It keeps her focused from her untrue happiness. Thats my family (Bradbury, 1995, p. 46). Mildred mentions that the actors on the TV wall is her family. It is a relationship with no physical emotion. The government uses technology as a rebellion to keep society happy and under their control. Technology isnt the only thing that has a downside towards society. The lack of communication between people has fallen and is going to keep on getting worse. Many people have decided to isolate themselves out from the world. They like to divert themselves and keep a distance from everyone else. Now a days, people dont have much communication between one another because they are focused on a certain thing. The majority of the people would rather send out a text or call then to ask a question or talk about a topic in person. The ways that people work and communicate via computer networks destabilize many conventional social categories ( King, R. (Ed.), 1996, p. 427). Many social lives are decreasing because of technology. It is one of the main reasons why society is negativly affected. The lack of communication is decreasing everyday as new inventions are created. Many companies continue on creating products to keep their costumers busy and entertained. But if everyone gets caught up with something, how will the world be? Will society lose its interest in communication with one another? Montag and Mildreds relationship is an example of los s of communication. Montag had asked Mildred one night if she remembered the first time they met (p. 40). She responded with a no. Montag himself doesnt remember where they met. Both characters had lost interest in one another. Was there any love to begin with? Montag brings up a wall being in between him and mildred. That wall is where Mildred says she has her family. The walls were always in the way between Mildred and himself (p. 42) Its what kept their communication decreasing. The lack of communication between society is a problem, but it isnt the worst conflict that needs to be solved. Societys population is losing the loss of peoples valuable life. Society doesnt value life as much as it should be. People every second of each day lose their life. Whether its a homocide, suicide, accidents, slavery death continues to happen every where. In Fahreneheit 451, Mildred tries to commit suicide and doesnt succeed at it. Montag believes that it was an accident and says that Mildred probably forgot she took some pills and kept taking more. This is not the case. Mildred is unhappy and careless but she just doesnt know it because she is being brainwashed by the government. They want everyone to be happy. It a rule, not a given choice.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Amazon s Supply Chain Management Essay - 1187 Words

Every company has their own supply chain in order to sort or produce goods. However, the company needs to manage supply chain to maximize its highest benefits. By having effective supply chain management, the company can ensure that the right product or service will be available at the time to the right place and at the right price (Kamal 2007). Amazon is one of the companies that have best supply chain practices in order to respond high level of responsiveness for the customers. Thereby, this paper explains about Amazon Company, analysis of Amazon’s supply chain, recommendations and barriers to implement will be discussed. Company background Amazon is an American commerce company based in Seattle, Washington, USA. The company used to be only a bookstore, but now it diversified into difference type of products. The goal of Amazon is to provide one stop shop experience where the customer can find everything on Amazon as earth’s biggest selection (Warman 2012). Amazon operates as a pure internet retailers that does not have retail store at all while the delivery will be done through Amazon’s networks of distribution centres. This operation makes the company is able to provide wider range of goods and lower cost of products with high quality. Moreover, it is also increase customer satisfaction as it supports customer convenience. An effective supply chain strategy makes the company is able to respond high level of responsiveness. Amazon balances between cost of distributionsShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Management And Distribution1520 Words   |  7 PagesSupply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials in to intermediate and finished products and distribution of these products to the customers. Supply chain Management (SCM) is the management of flow of information, products and services across a network of customers, organization and supply chain enterprises. It incorporates the development and capacity of raw materials, work-in-progress ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Amazon And Wal Mart1614 Words   |  7 Pagespursue the same strategies. This is evident with both Amazon and Wal-Mart, both are direct competitors but each focuses on a different market channels and provide different customer value proposition. A business strategy characterizes a company’s unique position in the market and distinguishes the firm ’s value proposition from that of its competitors. Qupte Simci levi Such a unique market position drives and depends on operations and supply chain strategies. Unfortunately due to the effiency curveRead MoreRobin Van Persie1682 Words   |  7 PagesGreen Supply Chains * According to Handfield and Nicols 1999, the nature of how supply chains are defined as â€Å"supply chain contains all activities that involve the flow and transformation from raw materials†. Following on from this description I will describe the nature, first of all, the supply chain is a network of facilities that distribute and output the performance from their findings of raw materials that which associates themselves with the products that already exist in supply chainsRead MoreAmazon.Com Supply Chain Management1550 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: Amazon.com Supply Chain Project Amazon.com Supply Chain Project Jarrel Nightingale JNightingale2@CapellaUniversity.edu Capella University BUS3004: Supply Chain Management Professor Dr. Robert Goldwasser December 10, 2012 Amazon.com Supply Chain Project Introduction In today’s society, Online Shopping and the industry of e-commerce has become very popular and mainstream. Many individuals have integrated online shopping into their normal routine and haveRead MoreAnalysis Of Amazon Robotics ( Kiva Systems ) And Cloud Computing Technology1711 Words   |  7 Pagesreport will investigate some of the major technologies in Supply Chain management, which significantly impacted the fulfillment and delivery of an organization. The report will also look specifically at Amazon robotics (Kiva Systems) and Cloud computing technology and how it can help to ease the process while reflection on models and frameworks. Supply Chain management definition: According to Hugos (2013), The term Supply chain management arose in the late 1980s, and prior to that time, manyRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Amazon.com Inc.1405 Words   |  6 PagesInc.(Amazon) is an online retailer, which offers a variety of products and services through its website, they also produce and sell the Kindle e-Book reader. Amazon.com, Inc. is located at 410 Terry Avenue North, Seattle Washington 98109 5210, USA, Amazon is also located in Redlands, CA, Chattanooga, TN, Lexington, KY and numerous other locations. Jeff Bezos started Amazon.com, Inc. in 1994, and launched the Amazon.com website 1995, as a book retailer on Netscape, and AOL. In 1998 Amazon expandedRead MoreAmazon : A Competitive Market1508 Words   |  7 PagesAmazon Introduction When amazon was founded in 1996, the company began as a small online book retailer but has since transformed into a retailing giant that is able to compete in a highly competitive market. Although amazon competed predominantly with other e-retailers during the information technology boom that took place in the 90s, with an aggressive business and supply chain management strategy, amazon was propelled among the ranks of other industry leaders. Amazon has created a reputationRead MoreCase Study : Forecasting And Planning1592 Words   |  7 PagesCase Analysis: Forecasting and Planning (Amazon.com) Amazon Introduction For this project, I have selected Amazon.com. The concept of Amazon has intrigued many over the last few years. Many did not believe the concept of Amazon would work. When Amazon got its start in 1995, it began as an online book store. From the beginning, Amazon.com’s supply chain stood out from its competitors. As a book store, customers could search from a data base of book titles, â€Å"unlike its large competitors, such as BarnesRead MoreInformation Technology and Supply Chain Management in Amazon.com684 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Information Technology and Supply Chain Management in Amazon.com Introduction The most critical component of the Amazon.com business model is the efficient, profitable performance of its supply chain. For online retailers who compete in high velocity sales environments, the ability to orchestrate suppliers across a very broad supply chain is critical for their continual profitable operation and growth (Albors-Garrigà ³s, Hervas-Oliver, Mà ¡rquez, 2009). Integral to this aspect of Amazons businessRead MoreKey Concepts Of Operations Management Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this assignment is to discuss and evaluate various key concepts of operations management and how each, when implemented within an organisation, can be beneficial and contribute to the improvement of its operational efficiency. (Hill, A. and Hill, T. 2011) describe operations management as being core to what organisations do, it is the process of transforming inputs which include information, people and materials into outputs such as services or products. (Slack, N, et al. 20 13) states

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change. Answer: The intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of choosing this type of activation is to stay healthier and more active in my daily life so that I can enjoy my life in a more lively way. The changes that I have to make in my daily routine can be achieved very easily because it is quite easy to arrange time for me by managing my regular morning works and if not possible I can get up more early so that I can go my way to office by walking this will also work as exercise to me. It will also help me to burn the stored fat present. There is a requirement of burning of the fat present is so because the fat make a person more lazy and the individual cannot provide his best to the respective work place. I also must avoid fat containing food and to do so I must carry my own tiffin and avoid junk food of the outside. The implementation of this plan is very important for me because it will provide me a good health, it will decrease my health related complications. It will also make me feel relax and pr ovides a refreshment to my mind and after coming from this types of walk I can give more effort in my working field. It is also a benefit for me (Gray et al., 2013). My confidence level is very high around 10 that is I am very sure that if I can follow this action plan on regular basis and it will keep me healthier and more active. I am so much sure that I can follow and fulfil all the domains of this action plan because the procedures of this plan is very easy and less time consuming any one can easily follow the protocol. The main barriers that will come into my way while executing this action plan are I may not have time to walk to office as I have to rush to my office and it may be look very awkward to walk rapidly every day to my office and also to return home by walking and sometime there may be so much work load that I cannot avail a leisure time for me to return home by walking as it will be late to reach home by walking. In this situations first I have to manage more time for my daily morning work if not possible I must wake up early in the morning so that I can manage the time of going office and returning to home for my walk and may cover this distance by walking everyday which will work as exercise for me, if I cannot do this on a regular basis otherwise I will gain weight due to accumulation of fat in the adipose tissue which may have very hazardous effect upon my health. I should reduce the work load present over me so that I can get leisure time while returning from office to walk the way to my house without getting too late. This will also provide a refreshment to me (Prochaska, 2013). The action plan that I designed is good and it will help me to reduce my body weight without any devotion of my extra time because the exercise I need to lose my weight, I can do it while going to my office and while returning from there but there are some draw backs of this action plan that is if I could not avail enough time for me to avail myself the time to walk the distance to my office as sometime I may have to rush to my office and also I must wake up early so that I can start for my office early and I also have to start from my office early while returning so that I may get late to reach my house. This walking will make me feel more energetic, relaxed and tension free. However, the walking done during this time of going to office and returning home should be very rapid otherwise there will be no effect of this walking upon my health. If it is not so then no body weight loss will be there. By following this action plan I feel very motivated in my work every time I returned from my office I feel refreshing, more energetic and active in my daily work, and due to this action plan I feel very self-managed in my daily routine work. It is my feeling that if I can stick to this action plan it will positively make me healthier and more active and boost up me in my daily routine works. Reference: Gray, C. M., Hunt, K., Mutrie, N., Anderson, A. S., Leishman, J., Dalgarno, L., Wyke, S. (2013). Football Fans in Training: the development and optimization of an intervention delivered through professional sports clubs to help men lose weight, become more active and adopt healthier eating habits.BMC public health,13(1), 1. Prochaska, J. O. (2013). Transtheoretical model of behavior change. InEncyclopedia of behavioral medicine(pp. 1997-2000). Springer New York.